A human being regarded as an individual.

A group of persons selected for some service (such as investigation or arbitration)

a panel of experts

A doctor having direct contact with and responsibility for patients, rather than one involved with theoretical or laboratory studies.

A protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or  infection.

Evidence that does not meet the burden of proof

A person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as such by a formal job title

A health professional (or healthcare professional) may provide healthcare treatment and advice based on formal training and experience

The field includes those who work as a physician, surgeon, nurse, physiotherapist,dentist, midwife, psychologist, psychiatrist, or pharmacist or who perform services in allied health professions.

 Something that furnishes proof 

A suggestion or proposal as to the best course of action, especially one put forward by an authoritative body.

The reference uses the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the quality of evidence.

A course of action intended to achieve a result in the delivery of healthcare.

A substance used for medical treatment, especially a medicine or drug.

Must do or Must avoid

1. Implications to Patients: Almost all individuals in this situation would want the recommended intervention, and only a small proportion would not want it
2. Implications to Clinicians: Most individuals should receive the recommended course of action
3. Implications to Policymakers:Can be adapted as policy in most situations, including the use as performance indicators

Consider doing or Consider avoiding

1. Implications to Patients: The majority of individuals in this situation would want the recommended intervention, but many would not
2. Implications to Clinicians: Different choices are likely to be appropriate for different patients, and the recommendation should be tailored to the individual patient’s circumstances. Such as patients’, family’s, or substitute decision maker’s values and preferences
3. Implications to Policymakers:Policies will likely be variable

A person who is fully grown or developed receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

A person who is fully grown or developed.

A person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

A human being regarded as an individual.

A protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or  infection.

A protective garment worn in hospital, either by a staff member during surgery or by a patient.

A covering for the hand worn for protection against cold or dirt and typically having separate parts for each finger and the thumb.

A covering made of fiber or gauze and fitting over the nose and mouth to protect against dust or air pollutants, or made of sterile gauze and worn to prevent infection of the wearer or (in surgery) of the patient.

A device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres, including fumes, vapours, gases and particulate matter such as dusts and airborne microorganisms.

A personal protective equipment to protect the wearer's entire face (or part of it) from hazards such as flying objects and road debris, chemical splashes (in laboratory or industry), or potentially infectious materials (in medical and laboratory environments).

Forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes.

A particulate-filtering facepiece respirator that meets the N95 standard of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) air filtration rating, meaning that it filters at least 95% of airborne particles, while not resistant to oil like the P95.

European standard EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, and European standard EN 149 defines the following classes of "filtering half masks" or "filtering face pieces" (FFP), that is respirators that are entirely or substantially constructed of filtering material FPP2 Filters at least 94% of airborne particles.

A person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

A particular place or position.

A department of a hospital in which patients who are dangerously ill are kept under constant observation.

An isolation technique used in hospitals and medical centers to prevent cross-contamination from room to room. It includes a ventilation that generates "negative pressure" (pressure lower than of the surroundings) to allow air to flow into the isolation room but not escape from the room, as air will naturally flow from areas with higher pressure to areas with lower pressure, thereby preventing contaminated air from escaping the room.

A biological specimen taken by sampling, that is, gathered matter of a medical patient's tissue, fluid, or other material derived from the patient used for laboratory analysis to assist differential diagnosis or staging of a disease process.

Common examples include throat swabs, sputum, urine, blood, surgical drain fluids, and tissue biopsies

a sample for medical testing, especially of urine.

A small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like.

A person who is fully grown or developed receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

A class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels

Is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system

Is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside, or in contact with, the body, and the surrounding gas or fluid.

An abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood

A person who is fully grown or developed receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

The supply of air to the lungs, especially by artificial means.

Supply, treat, charge, or enrich with oxygen.

An appliance for artificial respiration; a respirator.

Refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world, although in some countries such as the United States it is measured in pounds, or as in the United Kingdom, stones and pounds. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, but use kilograms and pounds together for other purposes.

Is an average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle.

An abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe instances, delirium.

The slow injection of a substance into a vein or tissue.

A course of action intended to achieve a result in the delivery of healthcare.

A biological specimen taken by sampling, that is, gathered matter of a medical patient's tissue, fluid, or other material derived from the patient used for laboratory analysis to assist differential diagnosis or staging of a disease process.

Common examples include throat swabs, sputum, urine, blood, surgical drain fluids, and tissue biopsies

A health professional (or healthcare professional) may provide healthcare treatment and advice based on formal training and experience

The field includes those who work as a physician, surgeon, nurse, physiotherapist,dentist, midwife, psychologist, psychiatrist, or pharmacist or who perform services in allied health professions.

Continuously measure and adjust the balance of (a physiological function or drug dosage)

The insertion of a tube into a patient's body, especially that of an artificial ventilation tube into the trachea.

Is endoscopy of the larynx, a part of the throat. It is a medical procedure that is used to obtain a view, for example, of the vocal folds and the glottis. Laryngoscopy may be performed to facilitate tracheal intubation during general anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation or for surgical procedures on the larynx or other parts of the upper tracheobronchial tree.

Includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction. This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere. This is accomplished by either clearing a previously obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as anaphylaxis, the obtunded patient, or medical sedation. Airway obstruction can be caused by the tongue, foreign objects, the tissues of the airway itself, and bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents (aspiration).

A form of therapy given after an ailment does not respond to standard therapy. The most common diseases that require salvage therapy are HIV and various cancers. The term is not clearly defined; it is used both to mean a second attempt and a final attempt. Salvage therapy drugs or drug combinations have, in general, much more severe side effects than the standard line of therapy. This is often true of a drug of last resort.

The supply of air to the lungs, especially by artificial means.

Supply, treat, charge, or enrich with oxygen.

An extracorporeal technique of providing prolonged cardiac and respiratory support to persons whose heart and lungs are unable to provide an adequate amount of gas exchange or perfusion to sustain life. The technology for ECMO is largely derived from cardiopulmonary bypass, which provides shorter-term support with arrested native circulation.

A medical procedure which is performed outside the body.

The action or process of reviving someone from unconsciousness or apparent death.

The pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure (the pressure outside of the body) that exists at the end of expiration

Lying flat, especially face downward.

A quantity of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time.

Affecting the diameter of blood vessels (and hence blood pressure).

Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins.

The widening of blood vessels. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.

A colorless toxic gas formed in many reactions in which nitric acid is reduced, as in reaction with copper. It reacts immediately with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.

A pituitary hormone which acts to promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.

A hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also used as a drug to raise blood pressure.

Another term for adrenaline.

A compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine.

A medication used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure.

Resembling a crystal in shape or structure.

A homogeneous noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance.

Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle, and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

Any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically. There are two kinds: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They have various metabolic functions and some are used to treat inflammation.

Sold under the brand name Voluven among others, is a nonionic starch derivative, used as a volume expander in intravenous therapy. The use of HES on critically ill patients is associated with an increased risk of death and kidney problems.

A solution containing a hydrolyzed form of dextran, used as a substitute for blood plasma.

A simple form of protein that is soluble in water and coagulable by heat, such as that found in egg white, milk, and (in particular) blood serum.

A virtually colorless and tasteless water-soluble protein prepared from collagen and used in food preparation as the basis of jellies, in photographic processes, and in glue.

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and used medicinally to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism.

Is a medication used to treat pain and fever. It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief.

A synthetic drug related to quinoline, used against malaria

(chiefly of a drug or treatment) effective against viruses.

An agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against.

Sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth

An immunosuppressive drug, mainly for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, a severe form of arthritis in children.

Sold under the brand name Kaletra among others, is a fixed dose combination medication for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It combines lopinavir with a low dose of ritonavir. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals